Artist Statement (Rough Draft)

Why cigarette butts are bad for the environment?

These small pieces of waste may seem like something that is not as big of a deal as other artifacts but in reality, just like other substances, these pieces of waste can add up. The harmful component in cigarette filters, besides the cellulose-acetate plastic that it is made up of, is the toxic chemicals that are being held within. When large amounts of cigarette filters make its way into the our water systems or soil the chemicals can leach to it.

How can they harm the animals?

Animals are also affected by this waste because they mistake the butts for food and when ingested, the cause digestive problems and chemicals to be taken in.

In 2006 a laboratory study found that cigarette butts were found to be acutely toxic to a freshwater organisms and a marine bacteria. The main cause of this toxicity was credited to nicotine and ethylphenol, a chemical found in beer and wine however high doses of it are deemed undrinkable, in the leachates from cigarette butts.

What are the butts made out of that make it so bad?

The filter is comprised of cellulose acetate which is photodegradable but not bio-degradable. Ultraviolet rays from the sun break the filter into smaller pieces under ideal environmental conditions over the course of ten to fifteen years however the source material never disappears. It becomes diluted in water or soil. Also, their non-biodegradability means that they increase landfill requirements, add costs to city waste disposal programs, and create environmental nuisance in public places.

What toxic chemicals are emitted into the environment by them?

Why were cigarette filters invented?

In the 1950s the cellulose-acetate filter were added to cigarettes because of the scientific evidence that smoking cigarettes caused lung cancer and other deadly diseases. Scientist then discovered a way of manufacturing cigarettes so the tar and nicotine levels would be lowered and advertised that these cigarettes, with cigarette filters on them, are “safer” to smoke.

Where do the butts mainly end up/ what happens to them once they’re there?

Cigarette butts can be found in landfills, streams, storm drains and even the ocean. Even when littered on sidewalks or thrown out a moving car window the waste can end up in these places by traveling by wind or other various natural occurrences in the world and end up in the world’s natural environment where animals roam.

How many butts are emitted per hour in the US?

Any solutions?

How do we prevent them from getting into the environment?

What causes them to get into the environment? Does the production play a role?

Any laws that ban smoking in areas? Less pollution because of this?

In order to try to control the cigarette butt waste some cities such as San Diego and Chicago have banned smoking in recreational parks and beaches. Even though this is a step in the right direction it will not eliminate the waste from beaches because of the runoff from streets to the waterways which leads to the ocean.

Who funds the anti smoking campaigns/ are there any results of it?

A popular anti smoking campaign is the “truth” campaigns. Truth is funded by American Legacy FOundation which is an independent public health organization that was created in 1999 in result of the Master Settlement Agreement. Even with all their successful advertisements the campaign still have funding issues.

What are the toxic chemicals that go into cigarettes?

Many chemicals go into making a cigarette which is what ends up in filters once the cigarette is smoked. Some chemicals are acetone which is used as a nail polish remover. Geraniol which is found in pesticides. Cadmium which is found in batteries. Urea which is found in pee and numerous amounts of other chemicals that pose a threat to ourselves.

Citations

2020, the year. "thetruth.com: Facts." Do you have what it takes to be a tobacco exec?. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://www.thetruth.com/facts/>.

"CigaretteLitter.Org - The Facts About Cigarette Butts and Litter - Facts." CigaretteLitter.Org - The Facts About Cigarette Butts and Litter - Cigarette Litter. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://www.cigarettelitter.org/index.asp?PageName=Facts>.

E. Novotny , Thomas , Kristen Lum, Elizabeth Smith, Vivian Wang, and Richard Barnes. "Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste ." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/5/1691/pdf>.

"How Cigarette Butts Harm the Environment : EcoWorldly." EcoWorldly - International Environmental News for the World Citizen. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://ecoworldly.com/2009/04/01/how-cigarette-butts-harm-the-environment/>.

Annotated Bibliographies

This site gave one paragraph but the paragraph gave some statistics that we can use in our research. One of the stats being "The results indicate that the chemicals released into freshwater environments from cigarette butts are lethal to Daphnia at concentrations of 0.125 cigarette butts per liter (one butt per two gallons of water)." It also states how the butts can end up in the water.

" Cigarette Butts as Litter - Toxic as Well as Ugly? ." CSA. ProQuest, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. .

This site gave a whole paper with statistics on why cigarette butts are bad for the environment and the toxic waste they release in the environment. This site is particularly useful for us because it has a lot of information that we will need in order to make our video as informative as possible.

Novonty, Thomas. "Cigarette Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazordous Health." Communication. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. .

This site was good because it gave percentages of what cigarette butts were littered. I also like it because it also gives statistics about the smoke that is emitted from actually smoking the cigarette which I’m sure we can incorporate some how in our project.

McLaren, Warren. "Cigarette Butts: One Huge Problem, Two Solutions : TreeHugger." TreeHugger. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. .

This site gives a lot of facts about littered cigarette butts. It gives examples and hypothetical situations that would show how much cigarette butts are littered in the environment in a year.

Polito, John R.. "Cigarette Butt Litter- Two Billion Littered Butts a Day ." WhyQuit - the Internet's leading cold turkey quit smoking resource. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. .

This article just gave straight facts about the cigarette waste and why it is considered toxic. One fact that we are going to further research is “It can take up to 12 years for a cigarette butt to break down.” The facts shown on this page are crucial to our project.

"MULTIPLY (multiplylovers.multiply.com) - Cigarette Waste Facts." MULTIPLY (multiplylovers.multiply.com) . N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2009. .

Final Essay

Amanda Alipio

Period 1 and 2

Fair Trade Essay

With today’s global food industries, there are many things that may concern the nation. We focus on our food quality, what it does to us on the outside and some of us, if wise, are concerned with what it does to us on the inside as well. When it comes to food, we all have our different standards which sway us to purchase our food from different sources. Some of us choose organic from a farmer’s market while others may go with industrialized, genetically modified produce from the grocery store. Whatever it may be, many of us don’t take the time to think about where the food was grown and the daily tasks and trading farmers did to get that food to you. The act in which a farmer sells his goods to a retailer without tax, a fixed amount, or other restrictions is called free trade. Fair trade is good because it helps farmers earn a fair price on their produce and it enforces environmental laws and labor rights by providing a relationship between the farmer and it’s retailer.

How was fair trade started you may ask, according to the equal exchange site “Fair Trade started with individual companies called Alternative Trade Organizations (ATOs), who made a commitment to work directly with indigenous peoples and to market their products directly to consumers.” With this, many other organizations started up such as TransFair organization. Later, these organizations came together and combined forces to form FairTrade Labeling Organization (FLO). FLO is responsible for knowing about an industry, and with input from manufacture, determines the lowest price that should be paid in order to give a fair share to farmers.

Fair trade is not to be confused with free trade. Free trade indicates a widespread exposed environment to information and goods between nations with few, to sometimes, no barriers to trade. Fair traders and free traders tend to argue over which is the better way to trade. On the fair trader’s side, it is said that free trade will not fix the entire trading market. In an article by Global Envision.org it states “Even if nations trade freely, smaller nations become increasingly reliant on richer states, whose interaction with smaller countries depletes natural resources in those countries, and slows their progress.” While fair traders make that argument, the opposing side, free traders, bring up the question of what “fair” in fair trade can even be counted as. According to the same article the free trader’s argue that a higher or lower price can benefit workers in various ways. A higher wage would mean better living, a lower wage could mean more benefits. The debate still goes on today as for what is a better way to trade however, fair trade will be the focused topic at hand.

Farmers and farm workers benefit from fair trade in several ways; one being the labor conditions. Farmers that are involved in fair trade organizations are labor enforced which means no child labor and reasonable work hours. They receive a fair living wage and safe working conditions. According to Trans Fair Trade USA, another benefit farmers working with fair trade is that they democratically get to determine how much their revenues will be.

The difference between conventional supplying and fair trade is that with conventional supply often many unnecessary middle men involved which allows the farmer to not receive a fair price on their produce. They get a lower price because according to the site “Green America” conventional suppliers go through at least eight different divisions before it finally gets to you. With fair trade, they eliminate as many of those divisions as possible which Green America counted as a difference of four.

Not only in the U.S, but individuals from other countries don’t make enough money from their produce. In an article I read about a cocoa farmer in Ghana she doesn’t nearly make enough to support her family by selling her cocoa beans to the Ghanaian government. This results in her being cheated out of her hard work and get little for it. Herself and other cocoa farmers decided to band together to make their own company which sells the cocoa beans and in turn, makes them well over what they were making before and the excess amount of money goes to making improving their community.

One type of farming that benefits from fair trade are the small scale farmers. Small scale farmers have made an impact on several areas in the U.S. According to SPIN-farming (sub-acre plot intensive) “farming as a small business in cities and suburbs and attempts to remove the two largest barriers for new farmers--land and capital”. By doing this it ensures that farmers are more passionate about their farming while promoting sustainability and entrepreneurship. The local buyer benefits from this because he or she knows that what they are getting are healthy, non commercial, industrialized crops.

The arch-rival of fair trade and the local small scale farms are factory farms. Factory farming use commodities such as feed, fuel fertilizer, and pesticides to produce their crops. With industrial agriculture, the focus is on how much is produced rather then the quality of them and keeping the cost of production low while doing so. Although cost of food is low when we purchase it, there are many downsides to this way of farming. One being the use of pesticides, according to the UCUSA.org site it states: “Farms that grow one or two crops inevitably invite pests and usually require heavy doses of insecticides and herbicides to control them.” By consuming pesticides it harms our body. The EPA says “pesticides block the body's uptake of nutrients critical for proper growth and wreak havoc on development by permanently altering the way a child's system functions”. Some experts even go as far to say that it may disrupt the development of a child’s central nervous system.

Another disadvantage to industrial farming is the way the animals are raised. Unlike the imagery of a red barn with cows roaming freely, its quite the opposite. The EPA states that an animal will live up to 45 days in a confined space with no vegetation or grass. There is a large number of a specific type of animal that are stored closely with one another. Within a confined space, that means no fresh air or sunlight for these animals. Also, rather then using the manure as a compost for the soil, it is mixed with the urine and outside water which is either stored under the facility or in an air lagoon outside. This releases fumes that poison the air, pollute the water, and release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

With industrial agriculture, this usually leaves one corporation to decide and run how the farm which includes production, materials used to grow the crops, and control over the animals within that farm area. This also forces smaller local farmers around them to work with the industrial farm under a contract which forces them to raise and grow their crops the way they would on the larger industrial farm.

The good news is you can make a difference in this process by supporting the fair trade products. Instead of buying the normal industrial food, opt for the purchase thats labeled “fair trade certified”. It can be found among various products such as vanilla, olive oil, sugar, coffee, bananas, and others. This will support the smaller local farms while at the same time benefitting your health by knowing that you are consuming food that is pesticide free. The farmers from the small scale farm would be happy as well.

Other ways to support fair trade farmers are by simply encouraging others to buy fair trade products as well. The more people that support, the more the farmers gain. On the equal exchange website is states that Media, Pennsylvania was the first to become a “Fair Trade Town” meaning the whole town only buys Fair Trade Products. By persuading your friends, family, or neighbors you may be able to turn your community into a Fair Trade supporting community.

Amanda Alipio
Period 1 and 2

Free Trade Essay (edited)

With today’s global food industries, there are many things that may concern the nation. We focus on our food quality, what it does to us on the outside and some of us, if wise, are concerned with what it does to us on the inside as well. When it comes to food, we all have our different standards which sway us to purchase our food from different sources. Some of us choose organic from a farmer’s market while others may go with industrialized, genetically modified produce from the grocery store. Whatever it may be, many of us don’t take the time to think about where the food was grown and the daily tasks and trading farmers did to get that food to you. The act in which a farmer sells his goods to a retailer without tax, a fixed amount, or other restrictions is called free trade. Free trade is good because it helps farmers earn a fair price on their produce and it enforces environmental laws and labor rights by providing a relationship between the farmer and it’s retailer.

How was fair trade started you may ask, according to the equal exchange site “Fair Trade started with individual companies called Alternative Trade Organizations (ATOs), who made a commitment to work directly with indigenous peoples and to market their products directly to consumers.” With this, many other organizations started up such as TransFair organization. Later, these organizations came together and combined forces to form FairTrade Labeling Organization (FLO). FLO is responsible for knowing about an industry, and with input from manufacture, determines the lowest price that should be paid in order to give a fair share to farmers.

Farmers and farm workers benefit from fair trade in several ways; one being the labor conditions. Farmers that are involved in fair trade organizations are labor enforced which means no child labor and reasonable work hours. They receive a fair living wage and safe working conditions. According to Trans Fair Trade USA, another benefit farmers working with fair trade is that they democratically get to determine how much their revenues will be.

The difference between conventional supplying and fair trade is that with conventional supply often many unnecessary middle men involved which allows the farmer to not receive a fair price on their produce. They get a lower price because according to the site “Green America” conventional suppliers go through at least eight different divisions before it finally gets to you. With fair trade, they eliminate as many of those divisions as possible which Green America counted as a difference of four.

Not only in the U.S, but individuals from other countries don’t make enough money from their produce. In an article I read about a cocoa farmer in Ghana she doesn’t nearly make enough to support her family by selling her cocoa beans to the Ghanaian government. This results in her being cheated out of her hard work and get little for it. Herself and other cocoa farmers decided to band together to make their own company which sells the cocoa beans and in turn, makes them well over what they were making before and the excess amount of money goes to making improving their community.

One type of farming that benefits from fair trade are the small scale farmers. Small scale farmers have made an impact on several areas in the U.S. According to SPIN-farming (sub-acre plot intensive) “farming as a small business in cities and suburbs and attempts to remove the two largest barriers for new farmers--land and capital”. By doing this it ensures that farmers are more passionate about their farming while promoting sustainability and entrepreneurship. The local buyer benefits from this because he or she knows that what they are getting are healthy, non commercial, industrialized crops.

The arch-rival of fair trade and the local small scale farms are factory farms. Factory farming use commodities such as feed, fuel fertilizer, and pesticides to produce their crops. With industrial agriculture, the focus is on how much is produced rather then the quality of them and keeping the cost of production low while doing so. Although cost of food is low when we purchase it, there are many downsides to this way of farming. One being the use of pesticides, according to the ucusa.org site it states: “Farms that grow one or two crops inevitably invite pests and usually require heavy doses of insecticides and herbicides to control them.” By consuming pesticides it harms our body. The EPA says “pesticides block the body's uptake of nutrients critical for proper growth and wreak havoc on development by permanently altering the way a child's system functions”. Some experts even go as far to say that it may disrupt the development of a child’s central nervous system.

Another disadvantage to industrial farming is the way the animals are raised. Unlike the imagery of a red barn with cows roaming freely, its quite the opposite. The EPA states that an animal will live up to 45 days in a confined space with no vegetation or grass. There is a large number of a specific type of animal that are stored closely with one another. Within a confined space, that means no fresh air or sunlight for these animals. Also, rather then using the manure as a compost for the soil, it is mixed with the urine and outside water which is either stored under the facility or in an air lagoon outside. This releases fumes that poison the air, pollute the water, and release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

With industrial agriculture, this usually leaves one corporation to decide and run how the farm which includes production, materials used to grow the crops, and control over the animals within that farm area. This also forces smaller local farmers around them to work with the industrial farm under a contract which forces them to raise and grow their crops the way they would on the larger industrial farm.

The good news is you can make a difference in this process by supporting the fair trade products. Instead of buying the normal industrial food, opt for the purchase thats labeled “fair trade certified”. It can be found among various products such as vanilla, olive oil, sugar, coffee, bananas, and others. This will support the smaller local farms while at the same time benefitting your health by knowing that you are consuming food that is pesticide free. The farmers from the small scale farm would be happy as well.

Other ways to support fair trade farmers are by simply encouraging others to buy fair trade products as well. The more people that support, the more the farmers gain. On the equal exchange website is states that Media, Pennsylvania was the first to become a “Fair Trade Town” meaning the whole town only buys Fair Trade Products. By persuading your friends, family, or neighbors you may be able to turn your community into a Fair Trade supporting community.

• "Cool Planet - Fair Trade in Action, Cocoa farmers in Ghana." Oxfam GB - leading charity working to end global poverty. 14 Oct. 2009 <http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/fairtrade/fairtrade3.htm>.

• 
  "Factory Farming." Sustainable Table. 14 Oct. 2009 <www.sustainabletable.org/issues/factoryfarming/>.
• 
  "Industrial Agriculture: Features and Policy | Union of Concerned Scientists." Homepage | Union of Concerned Scientists. 14 Oct. 2009 <http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/science_and_impacts/impacts_industrial_agriculture/industrial-agriculture-features.html>.

• 
  "Pesticides and Food and other health resources - FamilyEducation.com." Family Life, Child Development, Nutrition, Teen Health & School Safety - FamilyEducation.com. 14 Oct. 2009 <http://life.familyeducation.com/page/39398.html>.

• 
  Petrucci, Joe. " The Neo-Agrarians: Small-scale Farming, Large-scale Economic Impact ." Keystone Edge: Home . 14 Oct. 2009 <http://www.keystoneedge.com/features/spinfarming0723.aspx>.
• "Green America's Fair Trade Program: Economic Action to create a just global economy." Green America: Economic Action for a Just Planet. 9 Oct. 2009 . http://www.greenamericatoday.org/programs/fairtrade/>.
• "Green America:Fair Trade:Fair Trade Products." Green America: Economic Action for a Just Planet. 14 Oct. 2009 <http://www.greenamericatoday.
• "Welcome to the Fair Trade Federation." Welcome to the Fair Trade Federation. 14 Oct. 2009 <http://www.fairtradefederation.org/ht/d/sp/i/2733/pid/2733>.
• "Equal Exchange - Fair Trade." Equal Exchange: Fairly Traded Coffee, Tea, Chocolate & Snacks. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2009. .
• "Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) / About Fairtrade / Benefits of Fairtrade." Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO). N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2009. .

Annotated Bibliographies (Senior Project)

"San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: California Condor."Welcome to the San Diego Zoo. 21 Oct. 2009 .

The California Condor has its biggest threat from humans by the destruction of its habitat, hunting, and lead poisoning. this site gives plenty of information on the habitat of this creature and how it is being helped so that the condor isn't endangered anymore. It also gives a variety facts about the condor which we can use so that we have basic knowledge and can craft questions to our interviewee about the condor that we may not be able to find the answers to online.

"San Diego Zoo Conservation Research." Welcome to the San Diego Zoo. 21 Oct. 2009 .

This site is good because it various links to different articles written by the San Diego's Zoo Conservation Center about the condor and how it is being reintroduced into the wild. They also give information on how they are helping to provide a path way that can help this animal from becoming extinct. This site also provides descriptions of projects they are currently working on to help the bird be safer when released back into their natural habitat.

"NPCA | California Condor."National Parks Conservation Association | Protecting Our National Parks for Future Generations. 21 Oct. 2009 .

I liked this site because it gave information about how the condor is trying to survive in their own habitat. It gives lots of facts and even provides a brief history about the condor's living arrangements and how i cares for its young. Basically, I really like this site because it gives lots of facts that we will need to know in order to do our project.

"California Condor Reintroduction Program in Big Sur California." Big Sur Chamber of Commerce, Big Sur Lodging, Accommodations, Camping. 21 Oct. 2009

This site is informative and it provides information through informative videos. This site solely focuses on the history of the condor and how it is relevant in the native american culture. There is a video on this site that is dedicated to lead affecting the California condor. I think we will be able to get plenty of information from this site.

Fair Trade Essay


With today’s global food industries, there are many things that may concern the nation. We focus on our food quality, what it does to us on the outside and some of us, if wise, are concerned with what it does to us on the inside as well. When it comes to food, we all have our different standards which sway us to purchase our food from different sources. Some of us choose organic from a farmer’s market while others may go with industrialized, genetical modified produce from the grocery store. Whatever it may be, many of us don’t take the time to think about where the food was grown and the daily tasks and trading farmers did to get that food to you. The act in which a farmer sells his goods to a retailer without tax, a fixed amount, or other restrictions is called free trade. Free trade is good because it helps farmers earn a fair price on their produce and it enforces environmental laws and labor rights by providing a relationship between the farmer and it’s retailer.

Farmers and farm workers benefit from fair trade in several ways. One being the labor conditions. Farmers that are involved in fair trade organizations are labor enforced which means no child labor and reasonable work hours. They receive a fair living wage and safe working conditions. According to Trans Fair Trade USA, another benefit farmers working with fair trade is that they democratically get to determine how much their revenues will be.

The difference between conventional supplying and fair trade is that with conventional supply there are many unnecessary middle men involved which allows the farmer to not receive a fair price on their produce. They get a lower price because according to the site “Green America” conventional suppliers go through at least eight different divisions before it finally gets to you. With fair trade, they eliminate as many of those divisions as possible which Green America counted as a difference of four.

Not only in the U.S, but individuals from other countries don’t make enough money from their produce. In an article I read about a cocoa farmer in Ghana she doesn’t nearly make enough to support her family by selling her cocoa beans to the Ghanaian government. This results in her being cheated out of her hard work and get little for it. Herself and other cocoa farmers decided to band together to make their own company which sells the cocoa beans and in turn, makes them well over what they were making before and the excess amount of money goes to making improving their community.

One type of farming that benefits from fair trade are the small scale farmers. Small scale farmers have made an impact on several areas in the U.S. According to SPIN-farming (sub-acre plot intensive) “farming as a small business in cities and suburbs and attempts to remove the two largest barriers for new farmers--land and capital”. By doing this it ensures that farmers are more passionate about their farming while promoting sustainability and entrepreneurship. The local buyer benefits from this because he or she knows that what they are getting are healthy, non commercial, industrialized crops.

The arch-rival of fair trade and the local small scale farms are factory farms. Factory farming use commodities such as feed, fuel fertilizer, and pesticides to produce their crops. With industrial agriculture, the focus is on how much is produced rather then the quality of them and keeping the cost of production low while doing so. Although cost of food is low when we purchase it, there are many downsides to this way of farming. One being the sue of pesticides, according to the ucusa.org site it states: “Farms that grow one or two crops inevitably invite pests and usually require heavy doses of insecticides and herbicides to control them.” By consuming pesticides it harms our body. The EPA says “pesticides block the body's uptake of nutrients critical for proper growth and wreak havoc on development by permanently altering the way a child's system functions”. Some experts even go as far to say that it may disrupt the development of a child’s central nervous system.

Another disadvantage to industrial farming is the way the animals are raised. Unlike the imagery of a red barn with cows roaming freely, its quite the opposite. The EPA states that an animal will live up to 45 days in a confined space with no vegetation or grass. There is a large number of a specific type of animal that are stored closely with one another. Within a confined space, that means no fresh air or sunlight for these animals. Also, rather then using the manure as a compost for the soil, it is mixed with the urine and outside water and either stored under the facility or in an air lagoon outside. This releases fumes that poison the air, pollute the water, and release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

With industrial agriculture, this usually leaves one cooperation to decide and run how the farm which includes production, materials used to grow the crops, and control over the animals within that farm area. This also forces smaller local farmers around them to work with the industrial farm under a contract which forces them to raise and grow their crops the way they would on the larger industrial farm.

The good news is you can make a difference in this process by supporting the fair trade products. Instead of buying the normal industrial food, opt for the purchase that's labeled “fair trade certified”. It can be found among various products such as vanilla, olive oil, sugar, coffee, bananas, and others. This will support the smaller local farms while at the same time benefiting your health by knowing that you are consuming food that is pesticide free. The farmers from the small scale farm would be happy as well.


* "Cool Planet - Fair Trade in Action, Cocoa farmers in Ghana." Oxfam GB - leading charity working to end global poverty. 14 Oct. 2009 .

*
"Factory Farming." Sustainable Table. 14 Oct. 2009 .
*
"Industrial Agriculture: Features and Policy | Union of Concerned Scientists." Homepage | Union of Concerned Scientists. 14 Oct. 2009 .

*
"Pesticides and Food and other health resources - FamilyEducation.com." Family Life, Child Development, Nutrition, Teen Health & School Safety - FamilyEducation.com. 14 Oct. 2009 .

*
Petrucci, Joe. " The Neo-Agrarians: Small-scale Farming, Large-scale Economic Impact ." Keystone Edge: Home . 14 Oct. 2009 .

* "Green America's Fair Trade Program: Economic Action to create a just global economy." Green America: Economic Action for a Just Planet. 9 Oct. 2009 . http://www.greenamericatoday.org/programs/fairtrade/>.

* "Green America:Fair Trade:Fair Trade Products." Green America: Economic Action for a Just Planet. 14 Oct. 2009 .

More Annotated Bibliographies

"Green America's Fair Trade Program: Economic Action to create a just global economy." Green America: Economic Action for a Just Planet. 9 Oct. 2009 . http://www.greenamericatoday.org/programs/fairtrade/>.

This site is about fair trade and what it is. The site is for a program called “Green America”, it helps ensure that the farmers are involved in the market that their product is being sold to and makes sure that they get a fair price, while at the same time making sure labor laws are enforced and environmental standards are kept up. This site gives information about prices for the farmers, where the money goes and what it supports, and how it affects the buyers and sellers.

"Farm Pollution and Waste." The University of Reading. 9 Oct. 2009 <www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/farm_waste.htm/>.

This site gives information and graphs about the use of farm waste and how much we have. It also talks about what happens to the waste and why it is bad for Earth. It also demonstrates how the pollutants in the waste travels in a cycle and gets carried throughout different parts of the area, such as how it can get into the water. Some sources of the waste, according to this article, are pesticides, fertilizers, waste milk, organic matter, and others. This is a good site because it provides plenty of information on the waste from farms.

"Why is deep tilling bad for your garden soil?." Helpful Advice & Tips for Your Organic Garden. 9 Oct. 2009 .

http://www.organicherbgardenonline.com/organic-gardening/why-is-deep-tilling-bad-for-your-organic-garden-soil-18/

This article is talking about the bad effects of deep tilling with machinery your soil. It gives the good examples of why tilling your soil may be a good idea and it also gives why it’s a bad. According to the article, when you deep till your soil use machinery you cut up your soil but you also cut up the worms in the soil which is an essential part of good organic soil. It also gives an example of how you can till your soil but do it in a way that your soil remains “healthy”.

Farmer in Chief Reflection

After reading the article I thought it was very thought provoking. Although he brought up many good points on why we need to change our eating habits or the ways to go about changing our food resources, I thought the solutions he provided were very unrealistic on a large scale. I think the main reason why people don’t particularly care about where their food comes from or how its made is because they are uninformed. I think in order to get food to a place where it is more natural instead of industrialized the first step we need to take is to inform the public and make it more aware such as promoting it through commercials like the “non smoking” people do. I think the best we can do right now is inform people. During the discussion in class, much was brought up about people having their own garden so they can grow their food and cook it themselves and in turn be more “healthy”. To me, that seems unrealistic because I feel not everyone is going to want to plant their own garden or maybe not everyone cares about the health risks that come with eating fast food everyday. The main problem with trying to fix the food industry and making it more organic and healthy is that people are going to do what they want, and what they want is connivence. If they have the money then I’m sure they would much rather go out and buy a meal then spend two hours making it.

Another point that he made in the article was about the cost of shipping food to different places in the world. In the article I remember him talking about how they catch fish in Alaska, send it to China to be filleted, then send it to California to be bought and consumed. That is very impractical. My question is why do they do that? Why can’t the fish be filleted here? I’m sure there are people in the U.S that know how to fillet a fish. I would think that the cost to do all that labor here in one country would be cheaper then sending it to another and back.

I agree with his idea of teaching younger children how to make more health conscious decisions when it comes to food. I think what we need to do is teach the future generations because they are the ones that will see more of the after effects of our actions now and maybe be able to stop them. Investing money in school programs so that they can teach children in school would be a good way to get children learn about this. Or maybe not even teaching them how to grow a garden but rather how to pick the more healthy choice while in the grocery store buying food. Either way think its the future generations that we should be informing.

After all this reading I feel like I read stuff that I already knew. Unfortunately, I probably won't be planting a garden anytime soon but I think I will definitely teach my children to be more healthy when it comes to food.

Questions From the Garden

-How is the irrigation system coming along?

-Are there any gophers that can eat our plants? If so, what are we going to do about it?

-When are we going to begin planting?

-What if our plant doesn't grow fast enough?

-What if our plant doesn't grow at all?

-Do we have all the tools needed already?

-Is the shed securely locked?

-Is it true that the canopy of a tree is also how far the roots grow?

Special Assignments Groups

(Shed/Organization)

For our special assignments group we are in change of keeping the tools and she organized, as well as keeping track of each tool and make sure it is returned to its correct place in the shed. We plan on doing this by having each person check out the tool they are going to be using by putting their name, what tool they have, what time they checked it out, and what time they checked it back in. We realize that there maybe multiple numbers of a certain tool (such as a shovel) so we plan on taking colored tape and taping it around the handle and in that case you will put what color shovel you have.

For the shed itself, we still plan on putting shutters on the windows, cleaning up the inside more (getting all the dust and dirt out of there), putting some sort of lighting, and organizing the tools so that everything can be found easily and there is easy access to it.

For our experiment, our special assignment group plans on doing something with waste. We plan on having two different plants grow in little pots, one growing organically with nothing but organic material and the other grown in more of an industrial fashion with the use of plant enhancements etc. We are going to log what happens and see how they differ. Our question will be "How does a organic plant differ from a plant that is treated with waste grow?"

Reflection and Questions on National Geographic Reading

From reading the article, it gave me a new insight on what it is like to grow our own food and how people and other countries grow their food. Something that really struck me in the reading was the section where it talks about the farmers in India and how people are now dying from cancer and other various diseases due to the pesticides and how the water is no longer a good quality drinking water. It’s really sad how they have to suffer through that and to top it off the farmers are in debt.

Something else I found striking was how scientist want to plant crops that are modified so that they don’t have to use as much fertilizer to grow the plant and that can withstand time without water. I think that would be a great idea because then it would give plants a better chance to survive instead of dying and that could be food for people. Because it sounds too good to be true I want to know the downsides to these plants. Are they’re any? Are we currently working on mass producing more plants like this? If not, why?

I think one of our main problems with growing anything is still our reliance on fossil fuels. I remember reading somewhere in the article about how farmers still need fossil fuel based fertilizers in order to grow their plants. I think what we need to work on now is how can we press forward growing these plants without solely relying on fossil fuels? Is there a way we can use another source for fertilizer that is just as good, if not better then fossil fuel based ones? Is there a natural fertilizer we can use only on our plants so that we can grow them? Is it possible to use material found strictly only in nature to grow what we need to grow so we don’t have to rely on any human source? I think those are the questions we really need to focus on now in order to be able to continue growing food to feed our growing population.

Annotated Bibliographies and Our Plant

We plan on planting a bean plant for the 28 day growth project.

September 15, 2009

Farm Implements

"John Deere Launches New Tractor Line, Forage Harvester and Other New Equipment." Farm Industry News. 15 Sep. 2009 <http://farmindustrynews.com/farm-equipment/hay/0820-john-deere-launches-2010-equipment/>.

This article talked mostly about the new design of the John Deere farm equipment. He is currently making these items that he already has better during the down time in the rescission. Although this article isn’t primarily about different types of farm implements it does explain thoroughly about the farm equipment he makes and how they work as of right now. I though it was an interesting article because I find farm equipment to be something that is very important when working on a farm, without the right tools your farm is essentially pointless. So basically with this article it talks about the different type of farm machinery used and how it works.

Waste

"GreenerChoices.org | Electronics Reuse & Recycling Center." GreenerChoices.org. 15 Sep. 2009 <http://www.greenerchoices.org/ele

“Experts predict consumers will be replacing equipment more often in the future, leading to greater waste.”

This article was primarily about electronic waste; meaning waste in the form of electronics such as computers, television sets, cell phones, etc. I thought this was a good article to read because it gave statistics that were explained. From what I know, electronic waste is especially bad for the environment because of the toxic chemicals found in them and what they are composed of. They also cause harmful health risks for humans as well. I think that this is an important issue because I think when it comes to someone’s electronic they don’t think so much about recycling it but more of just throwing it in the garbage which can lead to dangerous effects.

Fair Trade

"TransFair USA | Fair Trade Overview." TransFair USA | Home. 15 Sep. 2009 <http://www.transfairusa.org/content/about/overview.php>.

“Fair Trade Certification empowers farmers and farm workers to lift themselves out of poverty by investing in their farms and communities, protecting the environment, and developing the business skills necessary to compete in the global marketplace.”

I thought this was a good brief article to read about fair trade because ti gives a good summary what fair trade is and what the benefits from it are. It uses simple, easy to understand vocabulary that makes it easy for readers to understand why fair trade is a good thing and who benefits from it exactly. Something that I read in the article that I like d was reading about fair trade workers are not laborers who are under paid or they re not child laborers. i thought that was a good thing to understand about fair trade farms because I think a standard stereotypical thought about farms is that the workers are in fact underpaid and work longs hours for it, it was nice to read that that is not the case here.

Senior Project

When watching the different presentations I didn't learn anything new I didn't already know, however when researching climate and atmosphere I did learn more about air pollution and how it is formed. I didn't read too much about how it affects our food and water but I think it would be interesting to look into that further and maybe incorporate that into my senior project in some way.

I also think the industrial food vs home grown organic food would also make for a good project. I think it would be interesting to learn more about how different the two actually are such as how a dorito differs from an actual fresh made tortilla.

Plant Research

Amanda Alipio

Period 1 and 2

Research on Plants to Plant

Tulip

-The tulip is a flower that is part of the Liliaceae family.

-They are a spring flower but are a cold weather flower. Although they only bloom in the spring they need a period of cold weather so they can rest between each blooming season. The tulip grows from a bulb that needs to be chilled before it is planted in the ground.

-They need to be planted in soil that has good drainage, it is also recommended organic material and fertilizer is mixed in with the soil it is planted in.

-Although the plant blooms in the spring I have researched how to force the flower to bloom during the time you want. In order to do that you would need to plant the bulbs in a place where it is cool and kept moist, then moved to the sunlight when the plant starts sprouting up around two inches.

-Tulips don’t need much space width wise, the sprout up to be about eight inches tall.

-When the bulb is planted they should be close together but not touching each other, maybe one or two inches apart.

-It is recommended that organic material and fertilizer is mixed in with the soil for the tulip but it is not required. Bone material is another idea for nourishment. Other then that, the soil just needs to be kept moist.

-The tulip likes neutral soil.

-This plant needs to be watered often enough to keep the soil moist. Maybe everyday by the sprinkler.

Interesting Fact- There are over 3,000 different varieties of the tulip

http://www.theflowerexpert.com/content/aboutflowers/exoticflowers/tulips

http://www.gardenguides.com/plants/find-plant.asp?q=tulip+flower

Poppy

-The poppy is a flower.

-Poppies can grow in almost any type of soil. They can grow in warm weather conditions and grow fairly fast.

-They are grown from seeds.

-There are many different varieties of the poppy and they come in different colors such as yellow, white, red, pink, yellow, orange, and blue.

-It doesn’t take long for poppies to grow. They can even withstand droughts. They bloom during midsummer.

-It is recommended that this flower has at least eight inches in room to grow depending on which type of poppy you are planting. They can grow to be twelve to eighteen inches high.

-They should be fertilized once a month to keep them growing at a steady pace.

-Poppies prefer slightly acidic soil.

-This plant should be watered at least every other day by a sprinkler. Although this plant should be watered it can go without water because it is a drought tolerate plant.

Interesting Fact- In some areas of the world, such as parts in Europe, the poppy is considered to be a weed.

http://www.gardenersnet.com/flower/poppy.htm

http://www.gardenguides.com/plants/find-plant.asp?q=Poppy+flower

Third Choice- Calla Lillies